A state machine in T-SQL keeps the allowed status changes in a table and rejects every other change. This post builds one for orders with a transitions table and a trigger, then tests a bad jump, several rows in one UPDATE, new orders, a transaction and a new rule. Every result comes from SQL Server 2025.
SQL Server emergency? Email pinal@sqlauthority.com with URGENT in the subject line.
SQL SERVER – What is the Maximum Relational Database Size Supported by Single Instance?
How much data can SQL Server handle? The maximum relational database size is 524 PB in SQL Server 2008 R2, 2012 and 2014, with a lower limit for Express.
Finding Which Statistics a Query Used in the Execution Plan
Find which statistics a query used through OptimizerStatsUsage in actual-plan XML, cached plans, and Query Store history.
SQL SERVER – Database in RESTORING State for Long Time
Database stuck in restoring state after you restored every backup? Usually the last log was restored without RECOVERY. Here is how to bring it online.
Change Data Capture or Change Tracking
Change data capture or change tracking serves different sync needs; compare captured detail, retention, cleanup, and operating cost before choosing.
WAITFOR DELAY in SQL Server: SQL in Sixty Seconds #055
WAITFOR DELAY pauses a SQL Server batch for a fixed amount of time. This episode shows the command, and the tests here measure how long it really waits, what it does to locks and workers, and where it stops being the right tool.
INNER JOIN vs JOIN in SQL Server: Is There Any Difference?
INNER JOIN vs JOIN is a question about one optional keyword. The tests here show identical results, identical query and plan hashes, the one place where INNER is required, and the LEFT JOIN trap that really does change the rows.
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Who We Are
Pinal Dave is an SQL Server Performance Tuning Expert and independent consultant with over 24 years of hands-on experience. He holds a Masters of Science degree and numerous database certifications.
Pinal has authored 19 books and 125 Pluralsight courses. To freely share his knowledge and help others build their expertise, Pinal has also written more than 5,800 database tech articles on his blog at https://blog.sqlauthority.com.
Pinal is also a CrossFit Level 1 Trainer (CF-L1) and CrossFit Level 2 Trainer (CF-L2).
Nupur Dave is a social media enthusiast and an independent consultant. She primarily focuses on the database domain, helping clients build short and long-term multi-channel campaigns to drive leads for their sales pipeline.
Shaivi Pinalkumar Dave is a book author and a women’s artistic gymnast.

