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Gouache painting: a long wooden shelf of identical round teapots, each with a plain linen string tied around its handle so they can be told apart, the first teapot left bare and one string dyed vermilion

Uniquifier: The Hidden Cost of Duplicate Clustered Keys

November 2, 2020
Pinal Dave
SQL Performance
Clustered Index, SQL Data Storage, SQL DMV, SQL Index

The uniquifier is a hidden 4-byte value that SQL Server adds to duplicate keys in a non-unique clustered index. This post measures its real cost row by row on SQL Server 2025 and shows it on the page. It also compares it with a unique key you choose yourself.

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BETWEEN vs IN in SQL Server: Which One Reads Less?

October 1, 2020
Pinal Dave
SQL Performance
SQL Index, SQL Operator, SQL Scripts, SQL Server

BETWEEN vs IN looks like a style choice, and it is not. This post builds a demo table and measures BETWEEN, the two operators and an IN list with and without an index. It shows that BETWEEN and the operators share one plan, that IN seeks once for every value and that sparse values change the question.

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SQL SERVER – Delete Statement and Index Usage

September 17, 2020
Pinal Dave
SQL Performance
SQL Delete, SQL Index, SQL Scripts, SQL Server

An index can help a DELETE statement locate rows to remove. A customer asked whether indexes benefit modifications alongside SELECT queries.

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nonclustered primary

Nonclustered Primary Key – SQL in Sixty Seconds #119

September 7, 2020
Pinal Dave
SQL Video
Primary Key, SQL Constraint and Keys, SQL in Sixty Seconds, SQL Index, SQL Scripts, SQL Server

I will describe in detail a bit later on during this blog post. Today we are going to learn that it is possible to have a nonclustered primary key. 

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What Happens If the Clustered Index is Disabled? – Interview Question of the Week #291

August 30, 2020
Pinal Dave
SQL Interview Questions and Answers
Clustered Index, SQL Error Messages, SQL Index, SQL Scripts, SQL Server

Question: What Happens If the Clustered Index is Disabled?

Answer: If you disable the clustered index, you can’t retrieve data from the table.

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Alter Index

Alter Index Add Column – Workaround – SQL in Sixty Seconds #097

August 8, 2020
Pinal Dave
SQL Video
SQL in Sixty Seconds, SQL Index, SQL Scripts, SQL Server, SQL Server Management Studio

However, while modifying it we faced a unique challenge that we can’t actually alter index to add columns. Let us discuss that today.

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Statistics That Never Auto Update: Find the NORECOMPUTE Flag

August 4, 2020
Pinal Dave
SQL Performance
SQL DMV, SQL Index, SQL Scripts, SQL Statistics

Statistics that never auto update usually carry a hidden NORECOMPUTE flag, set when an index was created. This post builds a demo table, shows the flagged statistic go stale while its neighbor updates itself, and lists every flagged statistic in a database. It also shows which maintenance commands clear the flag and which keep it.

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