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SQL SERVER – 2008 – Interview Questions and Answers Complete List Download
1) General Questions of SQL SERVER
2) Common Questions Asked
Which TCP/IP port does SQL Server run on? How can it be changed?
SQL Server runs on port 1433. It can be changed from the Network Utility TCP/IP properties -> Port number, both on client and the server.
What are the difference between clustered and a non-clustered index? (Read More Here)
A clustered index is a special type of index that reorders the way records in the table are physically stored. Therefore table can have only one clustered index. The leaf nodes of a clustered index contain the data pages.
A non clustered index is a special type of index in which the logical order of the index does not match the physical stored order of the rows on disk. The leaf node of a non clustered index does not consist of the data pages. Instead, the leaf nodes contain index rows.
What are the different index configurations a table can have?
A table can have one of the following index configurations:
- No indexes
- A clustered index
- A clustered index and many nonclustered indexes
- A nonclustered index
- Many nonclustered indexes
What are different types of Collation Sensitivity?
Case sensitivity – A and a, B and b, etc.
Accent sensitivity – a and á, o and ó, etc.
Kana Sensitivity – When Japanese kana characters Hiragana and Katakana are treated differently, it is called Kana sensitive.
Width sensitivity – A single-byte character (half-width) and the same character represented as a double-byte character (full-width) are treated differently than it is width sensitive. (Read More Here)
What is OLTP (Online Transaction Processing)?
In OLTP – online transaction processing systems relational database design use the discipline of data modeling and generally follow the Codd rules of data normalization in order to ensure absolute data integrity. Using these rules complex information is broken down into its most simple structures (a table) where all of the individual atomic level elements relate to each other and satisfy the normalization rules.
What’s the difference between a primary key and a unique key?
Both primary key and unique key enforces uniqueness of the column on which they are defined. But by default primary key creates a clustered index on the column, where are unique creates a nonclustered index by default. Another major difference is that, primary key doesn’t allow NULLs, but unique key allows one NULL only. (Read More Here)
What is difference between DELETE & TRUNCATE commands?
Delete command removes the rows from a table based on the condition that we provide with a WHERE clause. Truncate will actually remove all the rows from a table and there will be no data in the table after we run the truncate command.
TRUNCATE
- TRUNCATE is faster and uses fewer system and transaction log resources than DELETE.
- TRUNCATE removes the data by deallocating the data pages used to store the table’s data, and only the page deallocations are recorded in the transaction log.
- TRUNCATE removes all rows from a table, but the table structure, its columns, constraints, indexes and so on, remains. The counter used by an identity for new rows is reset to the seed for the column.
- You cannot use TRUNCATE TABLE on a table referenced by a FOREIGN KEY constraint. Because TRUNCATE TABLE is not logged, it cannot activate a trigger.
- TRUNCATE cannot be rolled back.
- TRUNCATE is DDL Command.
- TRUNCATE Resets identity of the table
DELETE
- DELETE removes rows one at a time and records an entry in the transaction log for each deleted row.
- If you want to retain the identity counter, use DELETE instead. If you want to remove table definition and its data, use the DROP TABLE statement.
- DELETE Can be used with or without a WHERE clause
- DELETE Activates Triggers.
- DELETE can be rolled back.
- DELETE is DML Command.
- DELETE does not reset identity of the table.
When is the use of UPDATE_STATISTICS command?
This command is basically used when a large processing of data has occurred. If a large amount of deletions any modification or Bulk Copy into the tables has occurred, it has to update the indexes to take these changes into account. UPDATE_STATISTICS updates the indexes on these tables accordingly.
What is the difference between a HAVING CLAUSE and a WHERE CLAUSE?
They specify a search condition for a group or an aggregate. But the difference is that HAVING can be used only with the SELECT statement. HAVING is typically used in a GROUP BY clause. When GROUP BY is not used, HAVING behaves like a WHERE clause. Having Clause is basically used only with the GROUP BY function in a query whereas WHERE Clause is applied to each row before they are part of the GROUP BY function in a query. (Read More Here)
What are the properties and different Types of Sub-Queries?
Properties of Sub-Query
- A sub-query must be enclosed in the parenthesis.
- A sub-query must be put in the right hand of the comparison operator, and
- A sub-query cannot contain an ORDER-BY clause.
- A query can contain more than one sub-query.
Types of Sub-query
- Single-row sub-query, where the sub-query returns only one row.
- Multiple-row sub-query, where the sub-query returns multiple rows,. and
- Multiple column sub-query, where the sub-query returns multiple columns
What is SQL Profiler?
SQL Profiler is a graphical tool that allows system administrators to monitor events in an instance of Microsoft SQL Server. You can capture and save data about each event to a file or SQL Server table to analyze later. For example, you can monitor a production environment to see which stored procedures are hampering performances by executing too slowly.
Use SQL Profiler to monitor only the events in which you are interested. If traces are becoming too large, you can filter them based on the information you want, so that only a subset of the event data is collected. Monitoring too many events adds overhead to the server and the monitoring process and can cause the trace file or trace table to grow very large, especially when the monitoring process takes place over a long period of time.
What are the authentication modes in SQL Server? How can it be changed?
Windows mode and Mixed Mode – SQL & Windows.
To change authentication mode in SQL Server click Start, Programs, Microsoft SQL Server and click SQL Enterprise Manager to run SQL Enterprise Manager from the Microsoft SQL Server program group. Select the server then from the Tools menu select SQL Server Configuration Properties, and choose the Security page.
© Copyright 2000-2009 Pinal Dave. All Rights Reserved. SQLAuthority.com
Reference : Pinal Dave (https://blog.sqlauthority.com)
17 Comments. Leave new
Hello,
This is regarding truncate and delete….
I dont know if you cannot rollback truncate by default… but if you use begin tran with truncate statement then Yes you can rollback.
Please clarify,,, I can be wrong as well…
This is my example :
create table example1 ( eid int )
go
insert into example1 values ( 1)
insert into example1 values ( 2)
insert into example1 values ( 3)
go
select * from example1
go
begin tran T1
truncate table example1
go
select * from example1
go
rollback tran T1
go
begin Tran T2
delete from example1 where eid = 1
select * from example1
go
rollback tran T2
go
select * from example1
go
Thanks.
Imran.
I just started reading the PDF, and was about to post the question. Good thing you addressed it already, Pinal
Thanks
ORDER BY clause can be used in a sub query if TOP keyword is specified. It is mentioned in your answers as wrong.
where clause is applied on the base table
Having is applied on the result set
Hi all,
Multiple column sub-query, where the sub-query returns multiple columns
can give an example for this
Thanks
Hi
Can you give an example of a Multi Column Sub Query??
Thanks
@Vimal Kumar,
I assume when we say a Multi Column Sub Query we are talking about an alias table. Let’s see this with an example.
— First Tables store static data about employee details
Create Table #Example1 ( Eid int , Ename varchar(10))
insert into #Example1 values ( 1, ‘Mr W’)
insert into #Example1 values ( 2, ‘Mr X’)
insert into #Example1 values ( 3, ‘Mr Y’)
insert into #Example1 values ( 4, ‘Mr Z’)
–Second Table stores sales data, how much sales each employee made each month..
Create Table #Example2 ( Eid int , Sales_Made int , date datetime )
insert into #Example2 values ( 1, 10 , ’06/30/2006′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 1, 15 , ’07/30/2009′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 1, 20 , ’08/30/2008′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 1, 30 , ’07/30/2009′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 2, 15 , ’06/30/2006′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 2, 14 , ’09/30/2007′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 2, 23 , ’07/30/2009′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 2, 32 , ’07/30/2009′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 3, 12 , ’07/30/2009′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 3, 13 , ’09/30/2007′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 3, 24 , ’08/30/2008′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 3, 32 , ’07/30/2009′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 4, 13 , ’06/30/2006′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 4, 15 , ’07/30/2009′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 4, 25 , ’08/30/2008′)
insert into #Example2 values ( 4, 34 , ’07/30/2009′)
— You want to see total sales made by each employee in last month.
— There could be many other ways to solve this, it is only to show you multi column subquery I opted this route.
Select A.Eid
,A.Ename
,B.Total_Sales
,B.Last_Month
FROM #Example1 A JOIN
— Start of Multi Column Sub Query
(
select Eid
,SUM(Sales_Made) Total_Sales
,Max (Date) Last_Month
from #Example2
group by Eid
) — End of Multi Column Sub Query
B ON A.Eid = B.Eid
drop table #Example1 , #Example2
~ IM.
hi pinal
I like you to please explain “If you do not use TRANSACTION you can not use logs to roll back TRUNCATE”
1,For a normal update statement, is it possible to use logs to roll back, if yes how is it done, can you please explain with examples.
2, how do we use log files to restore backups. Please explain with examples.
Thanks in advance
a sub query which returns multiple columns:
i am writtin this query on northwind database—-
select orderid,orderdate,customerid from orders
where customerid IN (select customerid from customers)
Hi Can you please help to join this group. and also please let me know if your coordinating any sessions in bangalore.
Hi,
Can you please help me to log in to this team?
hi Sir,
I would like to learn how logs can be used to roll back delete ,update etc in table .
thanks and regards
I observe few questions appearing very rarely on other sites….Thanks Pinal
Finally I got the source of the clustered index misconception. I interviewed about 200+ candidates and they all said wrong answer! Please update your post, do not spread this myth!
In the above article it says
“When GROUP BY is not used, HAVING behaves like a WHERE clause”
this means select * from emp having Eid=1 is correct.
But it throws error.
Having should have aggregated column.. having count(*) > 1…